DECLINING SEMEN QUALITY IN INDIA: IMPLICATIONS, FACTORS AND INTERVENTIONS FOR MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Abstract

The decline in semen quality is a growing concern in India, with potential implications for male reproductive health and fertility. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the factors contributing to this decline, the implications for population dynamics, and the importance of implementing preventive measures and interventions. The article examines the key parameters used to assess semen quality and their significance in determining male fertility. It presents findings from recent studies conducted in India, highlighting the reported decline in semen quality across different regions and demographic groups. Environmental factors, such as air and water pollution, along with lifestyle choices, including diet, tobacco and alcohol consumption, play significant roles in influencing semen quality. Socioeconomic factors, including occupation and socioeconomic status, also contribute to the decline. Additionally, the interplay between geographical and cultural factors is discussed, emphasizing the need to consider regional variations and cultural practices in addressing this issue. The consequences of declining semen quality on male fertility, reproductive health, and overall population dynamics are explored. Reduced natural fertility rates, increased demand for assisted reproductive technologies, and economic and social implications are among the highlighted consequences. To mitigate the decline in semen quality, public health policies and interventions are crucial. Strategies such as awareness campaigns, education, lifestyle modifications, and environmental regulations are recommended. These measures aim to raise awareness, promote healthy lifestyles, improve access to reproductive healthcare, and address occupational and environmental hazards.